Authors Choice Leader Member Exchange Model

Creators Choice Leader Member Exchange Model Conceptual The exposition inspects how Abraham Lincoln’s administration style can be investigated utilizing Leader Member Exchange model. The exposition shows different aspects of Lincoln’s character, which score high on LMX. Further, it likewise shows that his administration style was transformational in nature.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Author’s Choice: Leader Member Exchange Model explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More History holds record of numerous incredible pioneers and one of them, without a doubt, is Abraham Lincoln. This paper will contemplate Abraham Lincoln’s administration style utilizing the Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX). The paper initially clarifies the LMX model, and afterward exhibits how the model clarifies Lincoln’s administration style. LMX hypothesis follows the essential rule of shaping two gatherings around a pioneer †the inward gathering and the external gathering. The adhe rents having a place with the inward gathering of the pioneer promptly increase more prominent duty, consideration, and prizes. Then again, the adherents having a place with the external gathering get less consideration and prizes. The adherents having a place with the internal hover of the pioneer straightforwardly speak with the pioneer and the pioneer permits unique treatment for them. In examining an initiative style utilizing the LMX, it must be noticed that a leader’s relationship with every supporter is dissected utilizing a dyad. Every one of the connections or connections will vary in their very nature. For example, a pioneer may have poor connection with one of his/her supporters, yet appreciate an open and confiding in connection with others. Further, LMX initiative model aides in creating transformational administration, as the model anxieties profoundly on relationship of the pioneer with his/her supporters. Subsequently, a pioneer who scores high in LMX model wi ll help in changing supporters and rouse them to expect positions of authority. The pioneer gets a chance to convey his dreams to his nearby adherents. Henceforth, this aides in creating alluring pioneers. Quality LMX prompts fulfillment of the supporters expanding their dedication and execution towards the leader’s objective. Further, a high LMX can change the entire work-understanding of a follower.Advertising Looking for article on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Abraham Lincoln was available to thoughts. He adjusted to circumstances rapidly. He tuned in to his supporters and was prepared to follow up on the recommendations of his devotees. This shows Lincoln had positive relationship with his adherents. In any case, in his associations with his adherents one must not overlook that Lincoln was a sacred pioneer and he, now and again, needed to work alone, as has been seen in the issue identified with th e annulment of servitude. Lincoln was censured by numerous extreme heads of the time, as they accepted that he was a ‘soft’ pioneer. Many accepted that subjection was not annulled quickly on account of Lincoln’s lukewarm dynamic . They accepted that Lincoln took delicate position by not embracing liberation in 1862. The radicals, who obviously had a place with the external gathering of Lincoln, accepted that Lincoln’s logical dynamic was insufficient. In any case, Lincoln’s in-bunch accepted that his choice depended on a more extensive viewpoint. Lincoln’s initiative style was that of a military officer who drove his adherents to war. By the by, he was not despotic. Or maybe, he was an adaptable and responsive pioneer. Further, Lincoln was a transformational pioneer who didn't depend on overwhelming his non military personnel subjects. At the point when some recommended that power ought to be utilized to crush a defiance, Lincoln excused the thought, despite the fact that it caused him to seem, by all accounts, to be a hardline government official rather than a profligate. As per LMX model, in such a circumstance Lincoln ought to have conciliated a couple of his devotees as opposed to following his individual choice. Abraham Lincoln was unquestionably an incredible pioneer. His initiative style was that of a calculative, adroit lawmaker with an extraordinary vision. Possibly he was not fruitful in conveying his vision to his supporters and on occasion missed the mark regarding mystique. In any case, he had an exceptionally solid band of devotees. References Lunenburg, F. C. (2010). Pioneer Member Exchange Theory: Another Perspective on the Leadership Process. Worldwide Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 13 (1), 1-5.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Author’s Choice: Leader Member Exchange Model explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Schneider, T. E. (2007). Lincol n and Leadership. Points of view on Political Science, 36 (2), 69-72.

Aliens essay free essay sample

All through numerous years there have been sightings, attacks, kidnappings and increasingly about outsiders. There is a major contention whether outsiders really exist. Many see huge things in the sky that look cool and they continue coming nearer to them and they think it’s a UFO so they naturally feel that there are outsiders. The term outsider has obtained a wide range of implications, for example, extraterrestrial or somebody from â€Å"outer space†. Another significance is somebody going to the US illicitly. There are likewise numerous kinds of outsiders for instance there are little dark outsiders, there are additionally outsiders called â€Å"taller beings† who are taller than the little dim outsiders yet shorter than a human. Presentation Since the 1950s until present day there have been numerous cases demonstrating that individuals and families have disappeared. Despite the fact that it’s simply individuals saying what befell them it is as yet verification of outsiders kidnapping individuals. We will compose a custom article test on Outsiders article or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For instance, in 1968 these two companions were at a camp loosening up when they out of nowhere observed a splendid light coming right at them and the state of the item was round. This article as indicated by them seemed as though a UFO and they began getting truly frightened. This one person Michael saw two animals in the item and they had large heads, no hair and abnormal necks. The two animals at that point took him and his companion secretly. It was much the same as a hijack. In any case, the main thing about that case is that there were no others around to witness it. Another case that makes individuals wonder if outsiders really exist is the situation of 1988 with Peter Khoury and his significant other Vivian. Dwindle says that he had ran into outsiders a period before this however this time was awful. He was lying in bed attempting to rest when he felt something get his lower leg and he turned numb. Dwindle then observed three or four figures in his room that resembled outsiders. These figures advised diminish to unwind and afterward cut a needle into his head which is when dwindle had passed out. The following day his significant other Vivian saw a territory on subsides head with dry blood. Be that as it may, she didn’t consider anything it. Since the time then Peter has been exploring data on outsiders to check whether they really exist. Another case of an outsider kidnapping is in 1975 when even lumberjacks were going back home from work when they saw a flying plate. One of the laborers went to show signs of improvement look and got hit by a blue shaft which the other six folks saw. The person vanished and didn’t return for five days. Numerous individuals wonder if outsider kidnappings are genuine or in the event that they are simply dull clear dreams that individ uals have. Well numerous individuals have investigated this and many trust it is all in the head. Individuals thing the wonder in the head is the explanation behind these individuals having confidence in outsider kidnappings. Everything began in 1947 when outsiders utilized a tractor to hijack a female which they called example 9. Many state this is certainly not an adequate explanation behind individuals putting stock in outsiders. As indicated by researchers the majority of the individuals saying they have been snatched said they were kidnapped from their own beds. Researchers likewise state that there is something that has occurred for the duration of their lives that cause this. Analysts state that the vast majority of the outsider kidnappings that as far as anyone knows happened in light of the fact that their psyches are pulling pranks on them. They additionally state this may originate from a rest issue called rest loss of motion. Debate Many individuals accept that there are outsiders and others think it’s only in there head or others are insane. Numerous people wonder on the off chance that we are the main ones on the universe. Some think yes we are, while others state we are most certainly not. Likewise individuals wonder if outsiders are a danger to people or not. Such a significant number of inquiries by individuals since they wonder a ton about it. Assessment My conclusion as a secondary school understudy is that outsider kidnappings do exist. I have numerous purposes behind accepting this; I mean the proof is in that spot albeit many will not trust it. My purposes behind putting stock in this is fundamentally in light of the fact that I put stock in extraterrestrials, I mean I figure we would be quite senseless to believe that we are distant from everyone else in this universe. In spite of the fact that I do put stock in this that it doesn’t mean I accept each case that has revealed. There are cases out there that are bit dubious to me and I do need to consider that there are a great deal of deceptive individuals out there who simply need consideration. Yet, a few cases are truly credible and grabbed my attention since they simply appear to be valid.

This could be your Capstone project one day COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

This could be your Capstone project one day COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPAs signature Capstone Workshops give students the opportunity to apply the practical skills and analytical knowledge learned at SIPA to a real-world issue for client organizations in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. Students from the Master of International Affairs and Master of Public Administration degree programs, working under the guidance of an expert faculty advisor, are organized into small consulting teams (generally about six students per team) across more than 80 projects each year. While students  wont complete their MIA/MPA Capstone Workshop until their  final semester at SIPA, there are ways to preview what the assignments are like.  Here are two Capstone Workshops highlighting some of the compelling work that  our Seeples do. Preventing Social Conflict in the Peruvian Mining Industry Capstone Client #1: Government of Peru, President of the Council of Ministers Office Faculty Advisor: Jenik Radon Team: Ayaka Ishida Amano, Lidia Cano, Filippo Ghersini, Ana Gabriela Gonzalez, Marisol Grau, Jordan Grimshaw, Vidyu Kishor, Emmanuel Laboy, Alessandra Mistura, Joshua Trinidad, Clara Young Thiemann Mining is one of Perus most important industries, responsible for a considerable portion of the countrys economic growth since the 1990s. However, this growth has come at a financial, environmental and human cost. Work stoppages and deaths have resulted from social conflicts that arise when members of the communities impacted by mining projects are excluded from the approval processes and the economic benefits. Government regulations aimed at preventing and mitigating the causes of these social conflicts have been largely ineffective. With renewed government focus on this issue in 2017, the team’s report harnessed the current political momentum and provided a guide for the new administration through the process of filling legal gaps, mapping administrative processes, improving state engagement with communities, and ensuring implementation and compliance with robust social license policies. Assessing Offline Internet Technology as a Development Tool to Connect the Unconnected Capstone Client #2: Wikimedia Foundation, Mount Sinaiâ€"Wikipedia Project for Offline Education in Medicine (POEM) in the Dominican Republic Faculty Advisor: Anne Nelson Team: Lucia Haro, Maria Gonzalez Millan, Katie Nelson, Jorge Salem Suito Offline internet technology is an emerging ICT4D tool to expand access to information to the 60% of the world’s population who lack internet connectivity. Wikipedia is interested in expanding the use of their open source encyclopedia content around the globe, and assessing its usefulness in low-resource settings. The Dominican Republic, a country with an under-resourced health system and limited internet connectivity, is an ideal laboratory to test offline internet as a tool for development. The team interviewed healthcare providers in the Dominican Republic to learn what kinds of information they require, and to assess the usefulness of the ‘internet-in-a-box’ as a low-cost offline internet-enabled data storage device that allows users to wirelessly access open-source content. The project’s findings are that offline internet has considerable potential to bridge information gaps, especially in rural, low-resource settings. The team’s recommendations are being incorporated i nto a pilot project to field-test the device during summer 2017.

The Spring Of 1865 And Its Impact On Society - 897 Words

The spring of 1865 would mark a change in society because the Civil War had just ended; the North had won victory over the South. The time period after the war ended would be known as the Reconstruction Era, which would last until 1877. During this time, America would try to bring an angered South back into the Union, and transform ex-slaves into equal citizens. After the Reconstruction Era, the Gilded Age emerged. The word Gilded means to be covered up with a gold leaf or paint. This is exactly how this time can be described because many of the social problems that existed were masked over with the new profound wealth that America had. The culture of America would begin to move from a rural, agricultural lifestyle to an urban, overcrowded lifestyle. The new urban lifestyle would lead into the Progressive Era, which began in 1890. This time period had progressives who wanted to reform and regulate their capitalist society, not destroy it (Shi and Tindall 706). As time got closer to 1 929, the society became more equitable because women began to gain their rights, racial issues began to subside, and consumer consumption began the New Era. During the time between the Reconstruction Era through the beginning of the Gilded Age, many women were under-educated. The Gilded Age helped grow the middle-class. As the middle-class began to grow the female presence in the workforce began to grow as well. This was partly because the women were beginning to gain access to education;Show MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Civil War998 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was fought from April 12th 1861 to May 9th 1865 to mark the bloodiest clash in American history. The civil war started as a result of differences between the free and slave states over the authority of the national government to outlaw slavery in the Southern states. The economy of the northern states had modernized and industrialization had taken root. 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With the1100 Words   |  5 Pages Modern American society is still using the constructs from the eighteenth century. With the innovating discoveries in technology and science one would think social sciences would have a greater impact on our social constructs. Slavery was ended in 1865; unfortunately racism and white power was not. The integration of African Americans into American society has been a bumpy road and clearly has not been socially accepted in numerous locations within America. Social policies, frames, projects andRead MoreThe Shaping Of Our Country1092 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution/Constitution. However one of them happened to be the mo st impacting which was the Civil War and Reconstruction. The American Civil War occurred during 1861 to 1865, lasting only five years. America’s bloodiest clash resulting in the death of approximately 620,000 Americans and millions more were injured. 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The Jim Crow laws were a set of law’s that segregated all public facilities between the whites and the blacks. After the Civil War, there was a time period, which was called the Reconstruction period. â€Å"The reconstruction period from 1865 to 1877 was a time of patchwork laws regarding the legal status of Black Americans† (Civil). After the reconstruction period was over, the Jim Crow laws were born. When the Jim Crow Laws were formed, there were a couple of different organizationsRead MoreThe Age Of The Civil War1592 Words   |  7 PagesNew York; Boston, Massachusetts, also boroughs of New York City faced an enormous catastrophe all caused by the American people. There were numerous ingrained issues on why the riots occurred. The riots had a large impact on New York and Massachusetts along with the people and societies. Martin Luther King once stated â€Å"a riot is the language of the unheard†. The history of the United Stated of America has always been possessed by a great amount of racial and discriminatory issues between White, Black

The Easy Essay Topics to Write about Diaries

The Easy Essay Topics to Write about Diaries The Tried and True Method for Easy Essay Topics to Write about in Step by Step Detail Prior to beginning, learn more about the way to run a psychology experiment. When these answers may grow to be a blur as time passes, what you do know is that you wish to remember them. Just about everyone is going to have to write a minumum of one essay at some time in their lives. For anybody who is writing an essay that has a great date point, you definitely don't want to create mistakes that may cost you more hours. Consider something you're not permitted to do but wish you could. Write about a time once you made a sacrifice for somebody else. Like anything it requires a little time and practice to craft the ideal introduction, but it's well worth it! Luckily, there are tons of great places to locate inspiration and the next list contains only a few suggestions to help get you started. Details of Easy Essay Topics to Write about Argumentative essay needs to be ended by creating a reassertion of your position. Using good informational essay topics can have an impact on how good a grade you get. There are a couple exceptional strategies to essay creating. The topics you cover has to be related to your audience, but don't necessarily must be directly associated with your product. Pupils throughout the world are pleasant for our expert solutions. The truth that someone can actually acquire a service supplier that could provide you high high quality essays is some thing that you can't ever find anywhere. Other businesses make an effort to convince you the most inexpensive customized essays cannot function superb quality. Purchase composition on the web, now! If you're writing about social problems, you will usually be writing about the way the topic affects larger groups of people, including how poverty affects a whole generation. Researching any issue about government or laws can get overwhelming because of the intricacy of the issues and even on account of the wording of some laws. Topics can vary from research to real-life events, based on the class. Some political topics include things like pending legislative debts, the budget or employment development. Writing a speech may sometimes appear challenging, especially if you're uncomfortable giving spe eches to others. There are many things wrong with this thesis which I don't even understand where to begin. Men and women listen to different kinds of. The very same as with any pupils, the ideal article subjects are the ones which are connected with the children. Easy Essay Topics to Write about The elastic purchase type makes it possible for you to acquire the special sort of essay aid you're going to need. Underneath you'll come across useful ideas that might make composing persuasive documents as easy as pie. What your opening line appears like will be based on what kind of paper you're writing. Because it is a terrific opening line that makes you would like to discover more. Easy Essay Topics to Write about - What Is It? A number of the prominent writers who have achieved over-the-top success in the area of writing extremely controversial essays on several conventional essay topics are given below. For everyone that are starting to compose essays, there are particular rules or notions that may permit them to form a perfect essay. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Simply talking, understanding how you're able to compose essays correctly is something you cannot prevent. Keep in mind, you don't need to give away all your know-how at no cost. Obviously, you won't always have a true situation to discuss for each topic sometimes you need to borrow ideas from different people or merely apply your imagination. Detecting a topic for your study can be hard, but there are a lot of great techniques to develop intriguing ideas. If this is the case, you can draw in readers who wish to learn more on the subject of news related topics. If you're able to consistently produce interesting topics to write about, you are going to stay relevant to your readers. You're guaranteed to discover an interesting and controversial topic. There aren't any topics a new blogger can't handle.

Rape In American Slavery Affected African American Society History Essay Free Essays

string(94) " went into concealment for seven old ages, before she could fly to another topographic point\." Documents and research on the slave epoch in the antebellum South are awash with horror narratives of the brutal and cold intervention of slaves, peculiarly adult females. ( David Brion Davis and Eugene Genovese, – Bondage in the United States-Treatment ) . Considered ‘properties ‘ by their Masterss, enslaved black adult females endured continual physical and emotional maltreatment, sexual misdemeanors, anguish, and sometimes even decease. We will write a custom essay sample on Rape In American Slavery Affected African American Society History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Susanne Scholz ) By the 1800s, bondage had percolated down chiefly to the antebellum South ( Africans in America ) . Whilst a bulk of these slaves were designated as ‘field retainers ‘ executing responsibilities outside the house, a smaller per centum, peculiarly adult females were employed as house servants or ‘house retainers ‘ , mammies and foster female parents. Owners by and large enforced their position as ‘property proprietors ‘ by indurate methods ( Africans in America ) . Many first individual histories ( Harriet A Jacobs ) and other informations available, underscore the rampant sexual development of African adult females slaves. In the absence of any precautions, with Torahs allowing proprietors brushing powers over their slaves, these adult females in bondage were habitually ravished, harassed, sexually stalked and used as long term courtesans non merely by their Masterss, but by the proprietors ‘ households and friends every bit good. Slave work forces, for their portion, were rendered powerless to dispute or step in, as to make so would intend certain decease or sale to distant plantations ( Africans in America ) . Progeny or ‘mulattos ‘ ensuing from such colzas were besides considered slaves, unless freed by the proprietor. ( Historian Eugene Genovese -Slavery in the United States ) . â€Å" As Masterss applied their cast to the domestic life of the slave one-fourth, slaves struggled to keep the unity of their households. Slaveholders had no legal duty to esteem the holiness of the slave ‘s matrimony bed, and break one’s back women- married or individual – had no formal protection against their proprietors ‘ sexual progresss. †¦ Without legal protection and capable to the maestro ‘s caprice, the slave household was ever at hazard. â€Å" ( bondage in the united provinces – intervention A ; colzas of females ) However, in rather a few documented instances, enslaved black adult females worked as devoted loyal retainers, as mammies and alternate female parents for white kids showing the absence of subjugation and bonds of fondness that really united the two races. Blassingame, * underlines the fact that slave parents tried to screen their immature from the barbarous worlds of the plantation. They frequently dissuaded angry impulses among the kids, which by and large arose after their first tanning, from seeking retaliation or running off. Children frequently internalized the two contradictory behavior responses of their parents ; one submissive in forepart of the proprietor, the other chastising their proprietor ‘s action in private. They understood that submissiveness was a manner to avoid penalty, but the true behaviour theoretical account emulated was the 1 they witnessed in private. The household was an of import endurance mechanism, for no affair how frequently the household was broken, it enabled the slave to last on the plantation without going wholly submissive to or dependent on the maestro. Slaves frequently retaliated, subtly or overtly, to their cold intervention. They resorted to destructing harvests or disenabling machinery, decelerating down work. Many stole nutrient, farm animal and valuables. Some committed self-destruction or mutilated themselves to cut down their belongings value and some even murdered their Masterss, by the usage of arms or toxicant ( Africans in America ) . Furthermore, slave parents were besides concerned about the proprietor ‘s intervention in their private lives. Southern jurisprudence defined slaves as movable belongings or movable. Often purchasing, selling and trading slaves, proprietors habitually disconnected households, often taking kids from their female parents. Slaves were frequently blackmailed with such intervention if they refused to work or if the adult females repulsed the progresss of their Masterss ( organisation of American historiographers -Family life in the slave quarters † survival strategies- Marie jenkin Scwartz ) How were the Masterss able to exert important control and power, over their black kept woman A Virginia jurisprudence declared slaves to be â€Å" chattel personal in the custodies of their proprietors and owners for all purposes, building, and aim whatsoever † ( African American History by Henry Drewry ) . It affirmed their entire ownership and right over their slaves peculiarly the womenfolk. As absolute belongings of their proprietors, enslaved black adult females were therefore uprooted their places and households and to follow with every physical and sexual caprice of the maestro. They had to larn to be wholly submissive to the maestro, in head and organic structure. Sexual maltreatment could be in the signifier of sexual coercion to coerce genteelness for net income. Refusal of sexual overtures met with physical and emotional maltreatment and frequently the sale of a household member to distant farms, ne’er to be seen once more. She had no precaution or safety as the jurisprudence regarded colza as a mere trespassing of belongings. Developing dealingss wi th fellow slaves, work forces and adult females, proved hard as she or her friends could be deported or sold to another belongings at any given clip. Any challenges by the male slaves to such sexual development could intend an terminal to their ain lives ( Life of a adult female on a plantation- an essay – Berkin ) . First individual histories of two slave misss, Harriet A Jacobs and Cecil ( Harriett a Jacobs – An autobiography – Incidents in the life of a slave miss 1861 ) ( Essay on Slavery – Celia a slave ) substantiate this claim. Both female slaves of African descent articulated the hurting and agony caused by the repeated sexual misdemeanor of their organic structures and how they were held confined by their Masterss till they decided to take affairs into their custodies and get away their capturers. Compelled to populate under the same roof with a adult male 40 old ages her senior, he daily violated her. Her wretchedness seemed ineluctable, for there was no jurisprudence to protect her from the changeless abuse, force or even decease. She eventually managed to get away and went into concealment for seven old ages, before she could fly to another topographic point. You read "Rape In American Slavery Affected African American Society History Essay" in category "Essay examples" Though loath kept womans, these enslaved African adult females were frequently labeled as ‘jezebels ‘ , innately promiscuous or even marauding by the white adult females. They were perceived to bask higher position and privileges than other slave adult females, but these privileges were tainted by the fact that they were forced into sexual entry ( Africans in America ) . However, research based informations indicates that rather a few of these formed short term affairs with their white proprietors for vested involvements ( Southern Mulattos Population ) and, yet others volitionally maintained long-run relationships with their Masterss, engendering them kids. Contemporary sociologist K Sue Jewell in her book aˆÂ ¦describes ‘Jezebel ‘ as a tragic mulatto bespeaking they formed the majority of black adult females sold into harlotry. In a system termed placage, many such freeborn light-skinned adult females were willing kept womans to wealthy white Southerner s. ( 3 ) How did southern plantation proprietors use their powers non merely to command their kept woman but their kids and even male slaves under their control? Slaves were at an arrant disadvantage and powerless as they were designated legal belongingss of their proprietors. Authorized to utilize punitory steps, slave proprietors and their households deployed terrible methods on the least pretext to guarantee slave obeisance ( Slavery in the United States ) . A assortment of objects and appliances such as the more normally used whip, bonds, ironss, metal neckbands, knives, guns, field tools, forced walking on the treadmill and even hanging were used to squelch any noncompliance or rebellion. Reasons for penalties ranged from interrupting a jurisprudence like go forthing the plantation without permission, running off, non following orders or slow work, frequently penalizing them in forepart of others to do an illustration of them ( Slavery in the United States ) . In fact, the jurisprudence required slave proprietors to compulsorily train recaptured runaway slaves or face mulcts. Owners besides invariably blackmailed slaves with the menace o f sale of their household members to distant plantations, ne’er to be seen once more. Enslaved inkinesss continued to be sexual pawns in the custodies of their proprietors. Children that ensued from these actions were besides treated every bit slaves as they took on the position of their female parents. ( Slavery in the United States ) Slave matrimonies were considered illegal and twosomes were often separated through sale. ( The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame ) . It was insecure for a slave twosome to be shacking on the same plantation. Nothing demonstrated the arrant impotence of the hubby as he watch the barbarous tanning and colza of his married woman and the sale of his kids. He had no alternate but to follow with the demands of his maestro. However, Blassingame besides indicates that proprietors understood the demand to promote monogamous relationships â€Å" a black adult male, they reasoned, who loved his married woman and his kids was less likely to be rebellious or to run off than would a ‘single ‘ slave † ( The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame ) . Whilst some Masterss were compassionate, most slaves knew that any mistake or crisis would take them to the auction block. Slave proprietors were besides uncomfortable with the fact that slave kids might oppugn their authorization and the legitimacy of the order, as they were reared to esteem other authorization figures like their parents ( Organization of American historiographers -Family life in the slave quarters † survival strategies- Marie Jenkin Scwartz ) . To overthrow this, proprietors established regulations and planned activities aimed at minimising the importance of slave household life and stressing his place as the maestro. Many went to the extent of mentioning to their slaves as household members which gave them the right to interfere in their slaves ‘ private lives. To this terminal, they kept a acute ticker on their slave ‘s activities dark and twenty-four hours, including such everyday affairs as to what they ate, how they dressed and when they slept. They would frequently corrupt the slave kids or wages bad behaviour with playthings or gifts ( Slavery in the United Sta tes ) How did slavery Torahs and southern politic support the rights of slave proprietors to mistreat their slaves Enslavement of the African Americans officially commenced in the 1630s and 1640s ( Slavery in the Civil war Era ) . Colonial tribunals and legislatures clearly affirmed that Africans — unlike their opposite number white apprenticed servants-would serve their Masterss for life and their slave position would be inherited by their kids. A 1667 A Virginia act declared that â€Å" Baptisme doth non change the status of the individual as to his bondage or freedome. † And By 1740 colonial America had a to the full developed bondage system in topographic point ( Slavery in the Civil War Era ) . In fact in Virginia, after 1807, slaves were considered the main ‘cash harvest ‘ of their proprietors. Such statute law gave proprietors ultimate power over their slaves ( Slavery in the United States ) . A jurisprudence on partus in 1662 in Virginia indicated that kids of an enslaved female parent would automatically be slaves, even if the male parent was a freeborn white. This farther institutionalized the power relationships and freed the white work forces from any legal duty of either admiting or back uping their kids, restricting the dirt of bastard, mixed-race kids to the slave quarters. In the 1860s, elect households, who formed a majority of the shareholding households, influenced and shaped the political scenario of the land. Foremost amongst their common concerns was commanding and guaranting an equal supply of slave labour ( Slavery in the civil war epoch ) Legislation in the South was so designed as to protect the proprietors ‘ rights to their human movables. ‘Slave codifications † incorporated in these Torahs admitted, if grudgingly so, that slaves were human existences and non belongings like animate beings. However, these codifications instituted many clauses to minimise the possibility of slave rebellion. The codifications made it illegal for slaves to ( a ) educate themselves to read and compose ( B ) to go to church services without a white individual, or ( degree Celsius ) to attest in tribunal against a white. Besides, go forthing their place plantation without a Masterss ‘ written base on balls was out. Additional Torahs sought to curtail the possibility of manumission ( the liberation of one ‘s slaves ) . Between 1810 and 1860, statute law in all Southern provinces restricted the right of slave proprietors to liberate their slaves, even in a will, as free inkinesss might animate other slaves to arise. As a effect, most Southern provinces required that any such freed slave leave the province within 30 yearss ( Slavery in the Civil War Era ) . Authorities established ‘slave patrols ‘ to implement these codifications. Locally organized sets of immature white work forces, both slave proprietors and beefeaters husbandmans patrolled the dark look intoing that slaves were in so their quarters. These ‘patrols ‘ shared a common desire to maintain the black population in cheque ( Slavery in the civil War Era ) How the isolation of Plantation life in the south factor into the per centum of Numberss of colza of black slaves. Although bondage was widespread throughout antebellum America, the 1830 ‘s saw a greater demand and concentration of African American slaves in the booming plantations of the antebellum South ( Slavery in the civil war Era ) . Legislation of bondage in the southern provinces, unlike the North where there were free slaves, indicated that all slaves to be â€Å" chattel personal in the custodies of their proprietors and owners for all purposes, building, and purpose whatsoever. † ( African American History ) . A black adult male could be whipped for no ground. He could be beaten, stripped or tortured for the amusement of his maestro. A black adult female could be sexually harassed, assaulted, beaten or raped at anytime without inquiry. ( Life of adult females in the plantation – bondage essay ) As bonded labourers and belongings of their proprietors, slaves were confined to populate and work on the plantations. Permission to travel outside the premises was merely by written consent from the maestro and badly punishable if disobeyed ( Slavery in the Civil War Era ) . It served the proprietors ‘ double intent of labour development and race control. Children and adult females were used as domestic aid so every bit to non blow capable labour ( Berkin – Life of adult females slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62 ) . Slave codifications incorporated in the legal system restricted their motions and growing. They were non permitted an instruction, could non attest against a white or attend church services without one ( Slavery in the United States ) . Authorities established ‘slave patrols ‘ to implement these codifications. . ( Slavery in the United States ) In the absence of any precautions and Torahs to protect them, enslaved African adult females were the worst victims of a system that designated and treated them as exclusive belongings of the proprietors. Of the information available and hideous first individual histories of two slave African Americans, adult females suffered the worst possible sexual force and maltreatment ( Berkin – Life of adult females slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62 ) . Her non-compliance resulted in terrible physical and emotional punitive steps for herself and her partner or the merchandising of a household member – a kid, partner, parent or near comparative to a distant land ne’er to be seen once more. Any rebuttals to such sexual development by the male slaves could ensue in decease ( Berkin – Life of adult females slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62 ) ) . Decision The antebellum epoch in America is strife with the bondage era which went contrary to the rules of the War of Independence. It is ironical that the really province, Virginia in which the American Declaration of Independence was signed, would be the first to legalize bondage. African slaves foremost set pes in Virginia, America in 1619 with the reaching of prisoners sold by a Dutch to colonists in Jamestown. Sing their economic worth, peculiarly in the plantations in the antebellum South, their demand grew and spiraled over clip up to the 1800s. ( African American History ) . Colonial tribunals and legislative assemblies had racialized bondage ( Slavery in the United States ) The first arm of legalisation in 1662 stated that such Africans would be retainers for life, and subsequently in a 1667 another act declared that â€Å" Baptisme doth non change the status of the individual as to his bondage or freedome. † By 1740 a concrete legal bondage system in colonial America was in topographic point. A Virginia jurisprudence gave proprietors absolute right over their ‘property ‘ saying that slaves were â€Å" chattel personal in the custodies of their proprietors and owners for all purposes, building, and purpose whatsoever. † ( African American History ) . Legalizing bondage gave proprietors sweeping powers of life and decease over their slaves, peculiarly, the enslaved black adult females ( ( Berkin – Life of adult females slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62 ) . Slaves were viciously penalized and sometimes even murdered. Rape and sexual force against enslaved black adult females was rampant and non considered a offense except for the fact that it represented intruding on another ‘s belongings. Owners frequently resorted to terrible penalty, physical and emotional, to reenforce submissive behaviour, peculiarly against black slave adult females. Designated as belongings to their white proprietors, they lived with the changeless world of colza as is witnessed in the first individual histories of Harriet a Jacobs and Celia ( ( Berkin – Life of adult females slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62 ) . Habitually, raped, harassed, sexually stalked and used as long term courtesans non merely by their Masterss, but by the proprietor ‘s households and friends, these enslaved adult females lived in changeless fright of penalty either physically or emotional blackmail through separation when their loved 1s and household members were sold to distant plantations, ne’er to be seen once more. ( Africans in America ) Laws accommodated the proprietors actions, sorting the attendant offspring as kids of the female parents merely, shriving the white male parent of any duty, unless they were freed by the proprietor. ( Historian Eugene Genovese -Slavery in the United States ) Though Black adult females were loath kept womans, they were termed as seducers called, â€Å" Jezebels † However, there is grounds to propose that some enslaved black kept womans had devised a manner to utilize her gender as a agency of avoiding development by her maestro and for other vested involvements ( Southern Mulatto Population ) . Slave work forces for their portion were powerless to step in as they faced the menace of decease. ( Africans in America ) . A slave twosome shacking on the same plantation were insecure. Nothing demonstrated the hubby ‘s impotence more than the barbarous tanning and colza of his married woman and sale of his kids. â€Å" ( The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South is a book written by American Historian John W. Blassingame ) . However, proprietors besides understood the importance and demand of leting monogamous relationships, as this was less likely to make run-away slaves. Slaves struggled to keep the unity of their household and civilization, even as Masterss applied their cast to the domestic life of the slave one-fourth. Fearing that slave kids might oppugn their authorization, slave proprietors established regulations and planned activities aimed at confirming his place as maestro. ( Organization of American historiographers -Family life in the slave quarters † survival strategies- Marie Jenkin Scwartz ) . The fact that the slaves in the antebellum South were legalized and belongings of the proprietors afforded them no rights or freedom. Their isolation from the North, where free slaves resided, farther detracted from any hope of freedom or better quality of life than at the custodies of their oppressive proprietors. ( ( Berkin – Life of adult females slaves on the plantation- an essay Berkin, p. 62 ) How to cite Rape In American Slavery Affected African American Society History Essay, Essay examples

The Sedition Act Of 1798 For The First Few Years Of Constitutional Gov

The Sedition Act of 1798 For the first few years of Constitutional government, under the leadership of George Washington, there was a unity, commonly called Federalism that even James Madison (the future architect of the Republican Party) acknowledged in describing the Republican form of government-- ? And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists.? Although legislators had serious differences of opinions, political unity was considered absolutely essential for the stability of the nation. Political parties or factions were considered evil as ?Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not acc ording to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority Public perception of factions were related to British excesses and thought to be ?the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished.? James Madison wrote in Federalist Papers #10, ?By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.? He went on to explain that faction is part of human nature; ?that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS.? The significant point Madison was to make in this essay was that the Union was a safeguard against factions in that even if ?the influence of factious leaders may kindle a fla me within their particular States, [they will be] unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States.? What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to defy tradition and public perceptions against factions and build an opposition party? Did they finally agree with Edmund Burkes' famous aphorism: ?When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle Did the answer lie in their opposition with the agenda of Alexander Hamilton and the increases of power both to the executive branch as well as the legislative branch of government? Hamilton pushed for The Bank of the United States, a large standing Army raised by the President (Congress was to raise and support armies,) a Department of Navy, funding and excise taxes, and, in foreign policy, a neutrality that was sympathetic to British interest to the detriment of France. Many legislators, especially those in the south, were alarmed to t he point that a separation of the Union was suggested as the only way to deal with Hamilton's successes. Many were afraid that the army would be used against them as it had during the Whiskey Rebellion. Southerners saw the taxes to support a new treasury loan favoring ?pro-British merchants in the commercial cities,? and unfairly paid by landowners in the South. These issues as well as neutrality issues between France, England, and the United States were the catalyst for the forming of the Republican Party. The French and English conflict caused many problems with America's political system. The English ?Order of Council? and the French ?Milan Decree? wreaked havoc with America's shipping and led to Jay's Treaty of 1794. Jay's Treaty was advantageous to America and helped to head off a war with Britain, but it also alienated the French. The French reacted by seizing American ships causing the threat of war to loom large in American minds. President Adams sent three commissioners to France to work out a solution and to modify the Franco-American alliance of 1778, but the Paris government asked for bribes and a loan from the United States before negotiations could even begin. The American commissioners refused to pay the bribes and they were denied an audience with accredited authorities and The Sedition Act Of 1798 For The First Few Years Of Constitutional Gov The Sedition Act of 1798 For the first few years of Constitutional government, under the leadership of George Washington, there was a unity, commonly called Federalism that even James Madison (the future architect of the Republican Party) acknowledged in describing the Republican form of government-- ? And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists.? Although legislators had serious differences of opinions, political unity was considered absolutely essential for the stability of the nation. Political parties or factions were considered evil as ?Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not acc ording to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority Public perception of factions were related to British excesses and thought to be ?the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished.? James Madison wrote in Federalist Papers #10, ?By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.? He went on to explain that faction is part of human nature; ?that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS.? The significant point Madison was to make in this essay was that the Union was a safeguard against factions in that even if ?the influence of factious leaders may kindle a fla me within their particular States, [they will be] unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States.? What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to defy tradition and public perceptions against factions and build an opposition party? Did they finally agree with Edmund Burkes' famous aphorism: ?When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle Did the answer lie in their opposition with the agenda of Alexander Hamilton and the increases of power both to the executive branch as well as the legislative branch of government? Hamilton pushed for The Bank of the United States, a large standing Army raised by the President (Congress was to raise and support armies,) a Department of Navy, funding and excise taxes, and, in foreign policy, a neutrality that was sympathetic to British interest to the detriment of France. Many legislators, especially those in the south, were alarmed to t he point that a separation of the Union was suggested as the only way to deal with Hamilton's successes. Many were afraid that the army would be used against them as it had during the Whiskey Rebellion. Southerners saw the taxes to support a new treasury loan favoring ?pro-British merchants in the commercial cities,? and unfairly paid by landowners in the South. These issues as well as neutrality issues between France, England, and the United States were the catalyst for the forming of the Republican Party. The French and English conflict caused many problems with America's political system. The English ?Order of Council? and the French ?Milan Decree? wreaked havoc with America's shipping and led to Jay's Treaty of 1794. Jay's Treaty was advantageous to America and helped to head off a war with Britain, but it also alienated the French. The French reacted by seizing American ships causing the threat of war to loom large in American minds. President Adams sent three commissioners to France to work out a solution and to modify the Franco-American alliance of 1778, but the Paris government asked for bribes and a loan from the United States before negotiations could even begin. The American commissioners refused to pay the bribes and they were denied an audience with accredited authorities and

Read and Understand Measurements in House Plans

Read and Understand Measurements in House Plans Its easy to purchase house plans from a website or house plan catalog, but they hardly ever come with directions for reading floor plans. What are you buying? Will the completed house measure up to your expectations? The following hints come from an architect who designs luxury house plans and custom homes. He wants you to know about measuring. - ed. Key Facts About Measuring area: measured in square feet (or square meters), the rectangular length times the width; the area of a triangle is one-half the base times the heightvolume: the length times the width times the heightarea of a composite: for an irregularly shaped room, divide the room into regular shapes (rectangles and triangles) and sum the areasgross area: measured from the exterior wall foundation, so the area includes wall thicknessnet area: measured from interior walls; area of the living spacearchitect scale: a three-sided measuring device with six measuring edges (described as prism-shaped), similar to a ruler, but used to interpret the true size of a line drawn to scale on a floor plan or blueprint Size Up Your House Plan When you compare house plans, one of the more important characteristics you’ll consider is the area of the floor plan - the size of the plan - measured in square feet or square meters. Heres a little secret. Square feet and square meters are not measured the same on every house plan. Any two house plans that appear to be of equal area may not really be. Does this make much difference when you’re choosing a plan? You bet it does! On a 3,000 square foot plan, a difference of only 10 percent might unexpectedly cost you tens of thousands of dollars. Question the Measurements Builders, architects, real estate professionals, bankers, auditors, and appraisers often report room sizes differently to better suit their particular needs. House plan services also vary in their area-calculation protocols. In order to compare floor plan areas accurately, you’ve got to be sure that the areas are counted the same. Generally, builders and real estate professionals want to show that a house is as big as possible. Their goal is to quote a lower cost per square foot or square meter so that the house will appear more valuable. In contrast, appraisers, assessors, and county auditors usually measure the perimeter of the house - a typically very rough way to calculate area - and call it a day. Architects break the size down into components: first floor, second floor, porches, finished lower level, etc. To arrive at an apples-to-apples comparison of house areas you’ve got to know what’s included in the totals. Does the area include only heated and cooled spaces? Does it include everything under roof? Even garages? What about closets? Or do the measurements include only living space? Ask How Rooms Are Measured But even when you’ve discovered exactly what spaces are included in the area calculation youll need to know how volume is counted, and whether the total reflects the net or the gross square footage (or square meters). Gross area is the total of everything within the outer edge of the perimeter of the house. Net area is that same total - less the thicknesses of walls. In other words, net square footage is the part of the floor that you can walk on. Gross includes the parts you can’t walk on. The difference between net and gross can be as much as 10 percent - depending on the type of floor plan design. A traditional plan (with more distinct rooms and therefore more walls) might have 10 percent net-to-gross ratio, while a contemporary plan may have only six or seven percent. Likewise, larger homes tend to have more walls - because larger homes generally have more rooms, rather than simply larger rooms. Youll probably never see the volume of a house plan listed on a house plan website, but the number representing the area of a floor plan often depends on how the volume is counted. Typically, the upper area of two-story rooms (foyers, family rooms) isnt counted as part of the floor plan. Likewise, stairs are only counted once. But not always. Check how volume is counted to be sure you know how big the plan really is. Plan services that design their own plans will have a consistent policy on area (and volume), but services that sell plans on consignment probably dont. How does the designer or plan service calculate the size of the plan? Sometimes that information is found on the services website or book, and sometimes you have to call to find out. But you should most definitely find out. Knowing how area and volume are measured can make a very big difference in the cost of the house you ultimately build. Conclusions Leave the Building to Builders. Damian Gillie/Construction Photography/Avalon/Getty Images The guest writer, Richard Taylor of RTA Studio, is an Ohio-based residential architect who creates luxury house plans and designs custom homes and interiors. Taylor spent eight years designing and renovating homes in German Village, an historic district in Columbus, Ohio. He has also designed custom homes in North Carolina, Virginia, and Arizona. He holds a B.Arch. (1983) from Miami University and is an active blog writer on social media. Taylor says: I believe that above all, a home should create a quality living experience as unique as the people that live in it, shaped by the owners heart, and by his image of home - thats the essence of custom design. Construction designs can get complicated, so let your building crew decipher the symbols the way they are trained to do. A couple of things for the homeowner to keep an eye on include the orientation of the building on the lot (where is south and the sun? where are the doors and windows?), the HVAC symbols (where is the ductwork?), and for future reference its good to know where your load-bearing walls will be located. And how big will your new house measure out to be? According to the U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Construction, the average new single-family American house was 2,392 square feet in 2010 and in 1973 it was 1,660 square feet. A small home is considered 1,000 to 1,500 square feet. And tiny homes? Could you live in less than 500 square feet? Thats the plan!

Give It Up vs. Applaud

Give It Up vs. Applaud Give It Up vs. Applaud Give It Up vs. Applaud By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Lately, I hear announcers introducing acts by saying GIVE IT UP FOR, rather than   LETS HAVE A ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR. Is this a new expression? The verb give/gave/given has been in the English vocabulary for more than a thousand years. The earliest OED citation is from Beowulf: Beowulf 1719 Nallas beagas geaf Denum à ¦fter dome. Note: The reference is to Heremod, a Danish king who did not honor his men by giving them treasure as custom required. A literal translation of this example is â€Å"Not at all rings gave [he] to the Danes for honor.† The OED entry for give requires more than a hundred items to clarify the various ways in which this verb is or has been used throughout the centuries. The expression â€Å"give it up for so-and-so† is just one of the verb’s more recent uses. The earliest OED citation for â€Å"give it up† in the sense of â€Å"applaud,† dated 1990, is from a Web source: Hey folks, lets give it up for Andy! One huge round of applause please!- Re: ShrinkIt 3.0 in comp.sys.apple2 (Usenet newsgroup). The basic meaning of give is â€Å"to make another person the recipient of something in the possession of the giver.† When an audience is asked â€Å"to give it up† for a speaker or performer, they are being asked to show appreciation by applauding. In this way, they give their approval. An earlier expression referring to the act of applauding links give with hand. At the end of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Puck (aka Robin Goodfellow) asks for applause this way: Give me your hands, if we be friends: And Robin shall restore amends. Audiences are said to â€Å"give a hand† to performers. Performers hope to â€Å"get a big hand† from their audiences. No one seems to mind such established circumlocutions for applaud, but the latest expression provokes annoyance: Does anybody else hate the expression, â€Å"give it up† for whoever it is instead of just clapping? It drives me mad. Oh, I must say that I  hate  the recent,  Put your hands together for. Or the even more egregious,  Lets give it up for â€Å"Give it up† annoys me too. I hate this new age talk, it just sounds lazy. I hate â€Å"give it up for [so-and-so]† when announcers introduce entertainment acts. Love it or hate it, â€Å"give it up for† in the sense of â€Å"please applaud† has caught on with large numbers of speakers. Note to ESL learners: In some contexts, â€Å"give it up† or â€Å"give up† can also mean surrender, abandon, and quit: The house is completely surrounded. You might as well give it up. Eventually he took a huge risk and  gave himself up to  the Chicago  police. Unable to overtake the planes,  he gave up  the chase three miles from his own lines. How  many  people do something just once and are  ready to give up?   Give it up! You can’t win. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for Money75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†Drama vs. Melodrama

I'll cook for you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I'll cook for you - Essay Example You will also need time and money to look for the best advertising agency to suit your business needs (Grow and Altstiel, 2006). Since you have a career in nutrition and perhaps you do not have sufficient knowledge about advertising or marketing, then you need to hire an advertising agent. The second thing that you need in your business is to grow it. It is just a start-up, so you need to devote all resources to make it grow. At this initial stages there could be some constraints of money; hiring an advertising agent will drain your money instead of using them to grow your business since it is just a start-up. However, it may also be necessary to hire an advertising agency once the business grows because you will need to establish the business first before you can get enough money to hire skilled in-house advertising or marketing team. On the other hand, in-house advertising agency requires online advertising and marketing resources because it is the best way to communicate with potential customers at the start-up stage in which you will be busy handling your food service operations. Furthermore, if you are familiar with the advertising and marketing, then you may handle the advertising work in-house but you will need to sacrifice some time out of your food service operations and deal with advertising services. As small as the business is currently, you will need to devote a lot of time to your business in order to make it grow. There are also various advantages and disadvantages of in-house advertising and hiring an advertising agency. One of the advantages of an advertising agency is that it brings advertising and marketing expertise and specialized knowledge into the business. Agencies have resources to provide advertising knowhow that your small business does not have. Another advantage of an advertising agency is that it saves time for the business. While you

Diffrenece between living in usa and uae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diffrenece between living in usa and uae - Essay Example Need I say more? The UAE like the United States is a country made up of states that are largely independent. The seven states of the United Arab Emirates are: Ras al Khaimah, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Umm al Qaiwain, Dubai, Fujairah and Sharjah. However, unlike the US, the UAE is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. I know this is not the democracy that the US purports to be practicing but I can assure you that of all the countries in the Gulf, the UAE is the most liberal. The UAE government promotes moderate Islam and permits all other religions. However, I believe that freedom and democracy like everything else needs to be moderated and I am of the opinion that this concept is deeply lacking within the American society. In America I could find people outside a shopping mall cursing the president at the top of their voices. You won’t see that in the UAE. Whichever way you view it, I dont think this is a good thing. In UAE a culture of respect is cultivated for the blue-bloods and other figures of authority. That is the proper thing to do. The UAE has a free modern health care system and education, a booming economy and political stability in the midst of an unstable region. It does not cost its citizens an arm and a leg to obtain medical care as is the case within the US healthcare system. This could probably explain why life expectancy has rapidly caught up with and will soon surpass that for Americans. 99 percent of UAE nationals work in the state sector because of its attractive benefits while in the US the civil service is considered the least attractive employer. Furthermore, if getting a job in Dubai is accompanied by a tax free salary. Yes, you are not going to drown in taxes like in the US plus all shop goods can be bought at tax free prices. Job opportunities are diverse and plentiful. In comparison to America, the

Major Internet Applications

Major Internet Applications It is traditionally the most significant and remains the most commonly employed. This illustrates the simple structure in which client processes cooperate with individual server process in separate host computers in order to access the shared resources those they mange. Servers may in twist be clients of other servers, as the figure indicates. For example, a web server is frequently a client of a local file server that manages the files in which the web pages are store. For the applications discussed in Exercise 2.1 state how the servers cooperate in providing a service. Web servers and most other Internet services are clients of the DNS service, which translate Internet Domain Names to network addresses. Also, search engines, which enable users to look up summary of information obtainable on web pages at site all over the Internet. A search engine is a web server that responds to client requests to search in its stored indexes and (concurrently) runs several web crawler tasks to build and update the indexes. What are the requirements for synchronization between these concurrent activities? What happen are the server tasks (respond to user queries) and the crawler tasks (making request to other web servers) are completely independent because there is small need to synchronize them and they may run concurrently. In reality, atypical search engine would normally include many concurrent threads of execution some serving its clients and others running web crawlers. The host computers used in peer-to-peer systems is often simply desktop computers in users offices of homes. What are the implications of this for the availability and security of any shared data objects tat they hold and to what extent can any weaknesses be overcome through the use of replication? List the types of local resource that are vulnerable to an attack by an untrusted program that is downloaded from a remote site and run in a local computer. Network communication the program might attempt to create sockets, connect to them, and send messages .Access to printers. It may also impersonate the user in various ways for example: sending receiving email Objects in the file system for example files, directories can be read/written/created/deleted using the rights of the local user who runs the program. Mobile agent is a running program (including both code and data) that movements from one computer to another in a network transport out a task on someones behalf, such as collect information, finally returning with the results. A mobile agent can make many invocations to local resources at each site it visits for example, access individual database entries. Give some examples of applications where the use of mobile code is beneficial. Applets one example of mobile code which means: the user running a browser selects a link to an applet whose code is stored on a web server so the code is downloaded to the browser and runs there Accessing services which mean: running code that can invoke their operations. What factors affect the responsiveness of an application that accesses shared data managed by a server? Describe remedies that are available and discuss their usefulness. When the client accesses a server, it makes an invocation of a process in a server running in a remote computer. These things that affect the responsiveness: Server overloaded, Latency in exchanging request and replies, Load on network. The use of reserve helps with all of the above problems. In fact client reserve reduces all of them. Proxy server reserve helps with duplication of the service also helps with the use of lightweight communication protocols helps with. Distinguish between buffering and caching. Buffering: a method for store data transmit from a sending process to a receiving process in local memory or disk storage until the receiving process is prepared to use it. For example, when reading data from a file or transmitting messages during a network, it is useful to handle it in huge blocks. The blocks are held in buffer storage in the receiving process memory space. The buffer is free when the data has been used by the process. Caching: a technique for optimizing access to isolated data objects by hold a copy of them in local memory or disk storage. Accesses to parts of the remote object are translated into accesses to the related parts of the local copy. Unlike buffering, the local copy may be retained as long as there is local memory obtainable to hold it. A cache management algorithm and a release policy are wanted to run the use of the memory allocated to the cache. Give some examples of faults in hardware and software that can/cannot be tolerated by the use of redundancy in a distributed system. To what extent does the use of redundancy in the appropriate cases make a system fault-tolerant? Hardware faults processors, disks, and network connections can use redundancy for example: run process on multiple computers, write to two disks, have two separate routes in the network available. Software bugs, crashes. Redundancy is not high-quality with bugs because they will be replicated. Replicated processes help with crashes which may be due to bugs in unrelated parts of the system. Retransmitted messages help with lost messages. Redundancy makes faults less likely to occur Consider a pair of processes X and Y that use the communication service B from Exercise 2.14 to communicate with one another. Suppose that X is a client and Y a server and that an invocation consists of a request message from X to Y (that carries out the request) followed by a reply message from Y to X. Describe the classes of failure that may be exhibited by an invocation. An invocation may suffer from the following failures: Crash failures: X or Y may crash. Therefore an invocation may suffer from crash failures. Omission failures: as SB suffers from omission failures the request or reply message may be lost. Describe possible occurrences of each of the main types of security threat (threats to processes, threats to communication channels, denial of service) that might occur in the Internet. Threats to processes: not including authentication of main and servers, a lot of threats exist. An enemy could access other users files or mailboxes. Threats to communication channels: IP spoofing sending requests to servers with a false source address.

Analysis of Dynacorp Case Essay

The strategic design lens assumes organizations are deliberate, goal-achieving entities. In this view, managers can achieve organizational goals by understanding the fundamentals of design and fitting design to strategy, as well as to the larger organizational environment. In this paper, I discuss the five major elements of strategy – environmental fit, strategic intent, strategic grouping, strategic linking, and alignment – and identify two specific elements as causes of the problems Dynacorp is experiencing with its redesign. These elements are strategic linking and alignment. Fit with the Environment In the 1980s, Dynacorp was an excellent fit with the environment; it produced high-quality, innovation products. As result, its customers were happy to wait months or even a year for the company to bring out a new product and to â€Å"do some of their own applications work and figure out how to integrate Dynacorp’s products with the rest of their operations†. In the 1990s, however, the company lost the technological advantage it had maintained over the competition. According to Carl Greystone, executive vice president of the U. S. Cus-tomer Operations Group, â€Å"Both foreign and domestic competitors have been cutting into our market share, and our gross margins are way down,†. Indeed, Dynacorp was finding that many of its customers needed more than hardware, but want-ed ‘complete solutions’ to problems. Customers were â€Å"looking for systems solutions, more cus-tomized software, and more value-added services†. Dynacorp’s senior managers recognized that the firm’s existing functional structure was seriously inhibiting the organization from creating effective cross-functional responses to its external environment. Strategic Intent Dynacorp’s senior management thus moved to redefine the firm’s strategic intent, a no-tion that Ancona et al. define as â€Å"setting the strategy or mandate of the organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Instead of continuing to think of itself as a company merely selling hardware, the firm reorganized with the intention of providing customers with the integrated solutions they were demanding, and, where necessary, to do all this on a global basis. Strategic Grouping To implement its strategic intent, Dynacorp executives first had to make decisions about how to regroup tasks and functions. According to Ancona et al. , strategic grouping is a process of deciding â€Å"how the necessary activities are to be allocated into jobs, department, divisions, and other units, and how people are assigned to each†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The textbook describes five possible methods by which grouping of functions can be organized: activity; output; user, customer, or geography; matrix; and business process. At Dynacorp, the decision was made to move away from grouping by activity. Instead, the development, manufacturing, and marketing functions were grouped together into an output-oriented set of â€Å"‘end-to-end’ business units† in which all the functions would be ex-pected to contribute to the success of a product or a family of products or services. Within the sales area, executives decided to group by geography (U. S. , Europe, Latin America/Asia, with each of these areas further subdivided into regions) rather than to create multiple sales forces for each business unit. â€Å"Since products overlapped,† the interviewer was told, â€Å"the purchasers of different products were frequently the same people, and the cost inherent in replicating the field structure several times was prohibitive,†. Within each sales region, management created account teams with each team focusing on customers within market segments and industries. Greystone asserts that such a restructuring will result in industry specialists, rather than salespersons who were only knowledgeable about particular products. Greystone seemed optimistic: â€Å"You see, we feel that by targeting our investments toward growth of sales in specific industries and developing solutions to fit their needs, we’ll rebuild our market share and increase margins,† Strategic Linking Ancona et al. describe strategic linking as both formal and informal processes and posi-tions that would integrate units and subunits which are interdependent in tasks. The text identifies a wide array of linking mechanisms, including formal reporting structures, liaison roles, permanent or temporary cross-unit groups, integrator roles, information technology systems, and planning processes. Strategic linking at Dynacorp was to be accomplished, in the first instance, by linking development, manufacturing, and marketing within each Business Unit through a change in the formal reporting structure. Carl Greystone expressed his conviction that a â€Å"tremendous amount of progress† has been made since these changes were instituted and that his personnel are â€Å"thinking about the business in new terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even Greystone, however, was forced to admit that his group had been â€Å"consistently behind plan in both revenue and profit† for the past year and a half and that the â€Å"Business Unit presidents have expressed some frustration with the performance of his group. †Martha Pauley, a Branch Manager in Greystone’s division who supervised six teams that â€Å"handle financial institutions, insurance, and education in the Northeast Region,† was considerably quite disillusioned about the absence of effective cross-functional relations between sales and the Business Units. Specifically, Pauley was finding it difficult to compete because of business decisions in which she had been given no role. She had several complaints: â€Å"Our prices are still higher than our competitors’, and technical support services are way too slow. The new plant in Indonesia was supposed to help bring prices down, but they’re having problems getting the factory up and running. Since I have no control over unit manufacturing costs or the availability of technical support resources, I can’t help the team’s effectiveness in these areas†. A second way in which strategic linking was to be accomplished was to establish multi-function Account Teams focused on â€Å"selling customized solutions based on integrating our products, rather than on selling fancy hardware. †These permanent cross-unit groups were comprised of â€Å"account managers, product specialists, solution consultants, service technicians, customer administration specialists, and systems specialists. † Describing the actual functioning of these new teams to the interviewer, Martha Pauley confessed that â€Å"everyone has been so busy trying to understand their new responsibilities while still keeping up with our customers that we have communicated only through e-mail messages. We haven’t had time for the off site meeting that I had planned. Anyway, we’re still getting modifications on the job guidelines from the staff group. † The time pressures reported by Pauley were evident when she takes the interviewer into a meeting of one account team; there, they found â€Å"about half† of the members missing because of other obligations. As the meeting progressed, it also became apparent that this account team was struggling to meet its goals. The team had just been outbid for a contract with a Boston bank because its competitor had been able to offer â€Å"lower prices and a much more comprehensive package† . With regard to planning as a means of strategic linking, there too Pauley’s teams were struggling. Pauley admitted to the interviewer that she â€Å"hadn’t had a chance to develop a cohe-sive sales plan to show you†. Alignment The last of the strategic design processes is alignment: â€Å"that is, assessing the implica-tions of strategic grouping and linking patterns for the rest of the organization’s structures and processes, and making changes to ensure that the grouping and linking patterns can be implemented effectively†. suggest that each of the following be considered as elements of alignment: organizational performance measurement systems, individual rewards and incentives, resource allocation, human resource development, and informal systems and processes. One obvious alignment problem in this case concerns individual rewards and incen-tives. Ben Walker, VP of the Northeast Region, notes that the new reward system compensates branch managers in sales and product managers in the Business Units on â€Å"performance against revenue and margin goals,† but Walker worries that â€Å"no one in these jobs has the skills to be a team player. † Soon thereafter, Martha Pauley complained to the interviewer about precisely this problem. Although she shared revenue goals for her teams with the product team’s general managers in the Business Units, her own performance was being hampered by the fact that â€Å"different product team leaders in the Business Units are pushing different types of sales, depending on their particular product lines. † Something similar was happening to Pauley’s Account Teams, whose sales performance depended, in part, on their ability to get adequate Technical Support to their clients, yet they had no control over this support unit. Dynacorp’s turnaround also was being hurt by the company’s failure to give appropriate support to human resources development. Ben Walker is convinced that the company has â€Å"too many people who know how to sell products but not solutions† and projects that â€Å"at least 25 percent of the current staff needs to be replaced. † Right now we have the customer teams functioning under new guidelines that force them to collect information on customer needs and develop solutions. But too many team members are still operating under the old attitude that the equipment sells itself and the customers will do the work of integrating our products into their operations. The notion of helping the customer from initial call through implementation and use of the system is still quite alien to many of our people. The fact that Sales Team Member 2 soon was seen expressing a desire for more customers who want â€Å"standard off-the-shelf equipment† suggests that Walker’s concerns have merit. And Martha Pauley, to her credit, does not hide the fact that her teams lack training. â€Å"You see,† Pauley says, â€Å"moving from a product salesperson to a provider of solutions in a big change. It involves knowledge of the industry and the company, the full line of products, our various software applications, and concepts of systems integration. Exactly who handles all the pieces of a sale like this is still unclear†. Finally, there is some evidence of dissatisfaction with Dynacorp’s resource allocation practices, given the perceived high cost of manufacturing and the problems with Technical Support. As we have seen, at least one account team is having difficulty competing on price; and Martha Pauley complains that Dynacorp’s prices â€Å"are still higher than our competitors’, and technical support services are way too slow†.   Dynacorp appears to have done a good job of analyzing its fit with the environment and crafting a strategy that is likely to be responsive to that environment. The strategic groupings are well-suited to the strategic intent, positioning Dynacorp to be a geographically-focused, industry-specific organization that is organized to bring cross-functional talent to bear on the service as well as hardware needs of its customers. Dynacorp fails, however, to give adequate attention to strategic linking processes. There is evidence of a lack of planning, particularly as it involves product and branch managers and their staffs, apparently resulting in a lack of widespread commitment at all levels of the organization to the new mission. There also are problems of coordination between branch managers in sales and the Business Units and between the Account Teams and the Technology Specialists. Finally, the new cross-functional sales teams have had little opportunity to work out their methods of operation. Dynacorp also fails to give adequate attention to alignment. Individual reward systems and incentives work at cross-purposes with unit goals, and manufacturing costs are too high for sales teams to compete effectively. Finally, there is almost a complete absence of training—both for product and branch managers and for the various functional specialists who are now expected to work as members of teams. The senior managers at Dynacorp have made impressive efforts to respond to their highly competitive environment. However, unless careful attention is given to the strategic linking and alignment processes, this organizational redesign effort is destined to fail.

What Benefits Are There Of Marriage Today - 2151 Words

What benefits are there of marriage today and why do Americans continue to marry? Campbell and Wright (2010) point out, even with roughly a 50% chance of first marriages ending in divorce in the United States, marriage is still the crucial goal for most adults. The top reason given by individuals for getting married is now love (p. 331). In a life time a person will typical meet an individual, get married, have a child, and live happily ever after. In our society, these life events are now occurring in numerous orders, which is altering the traditional concept of marriage. These new trends are not necessarily wrong, but it does force counselors to respond to the changing family structure. Once marriage occurs, there are problems that†¦show more content†¦Marriage Pinsof (2002) addresses marriages as a relationship that is predicated on a mutual and voluntary commitment to a life-long, monogamous partnership. â€Å"Monogamy† refers to sexual exclusivity and means that the partners in a marriage pledge sexual fidelity as part of their commitment (p. 137). Although there is not one way to have a healthy satisfying marriage, there are some common factors that are worth highlighting as the following characteristics: investment in the well-being of the beloved, respect, admiration, sexual desire, intimacy, commitment, exclusivity, and understanding (Manning, 2007). Traditional Marriage According to Russell, Baker, and Mcnulty (2013), marital relationships can be the source of life’s most enjoyable experiences, they are also the source of one of life’s most painful experiences – infidelity. The difference between dating and marital relationships is that married individuals demonstrate higher levels of commitment (p. 244). In the past, people didn’t really marry for love. Prior to the 20th century, the most common endpoint of marriage became divorce (Pinsof, 2002). Marriage Today Since women beginning working out side out the home, and beginning to have the option to use contraception, the dynamics of marriage shifted. Baker and Emery (1993) study concluded that first, those who are about to be married have largely incorrect perceptions of the legal terms of the marriage contract as

Does Machiavelli Reduce Politics to Force - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2797 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Philosophy Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In this essay, I assess whether Machiavelli reduces politics to force.   To construct a response to this, it is necessary to explore what force means, since force is a philosophically weak concept.   In order to understand force as a philosophical concept, we need to separate the concepts of authority and power.   With a clear concept of what we mean by power and how it differs from authority, it becomes possible to discuss whether Machiavelli reduces politics to force.   Once the concepts of power and authority are clearly differentiated, the question becomes does Machiavelli reduce politics to force, where force is equated to power, or does Machiavelli rest politics on authority. In this essay, I argue that, despite Skinners attempts to re-habilitate Machiavelli and re-construct Machiavelli as a defender of liberty, Machiavelli does not rest power and politics on authority.   Instead, Machiavelli argues that power should be utilised for the purpose of the common good.   For Machiavelli, political necessity allows for incursions on liberty and the use of power, rather than authority.   Femia is alive to the implications of the dark, authoritarian and militaristic element in Machiavellis writings (Femia, 2004, p.15); and, in this essay, I argue that this should not be overlooked. Goodwin argues that attempting to distinguish rigorously between power and authority is ultimately doomed to failure (Goodwin, 1997, p.314).   However, she argues that the distinction between power and authority has exercised many philosophers, who feel there should be a sharp demarcation between the two (Goodwin, 1997, p.306).   Whilst a sharp demarcation may not be possible, Goodwin does separate the two.   She argues that power is the ability to cause someone to act in a way which she would not choose, [if] left to herself (Goodwin, 1997, p. 307).   This can, obviously, oc cur in a number of ways, including threats and violence, but also through persuasion, propaganda and advertising.   However, authority Goodwin argues, has a basis in law; a government has authority if it has legal validity (Goodwin, 1997). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Machiavelli Reduce Politics to Force?" essay for you Create order A sharp distinction between power and authority may not be possible, and it may be made to see the concepts on sliding scale, with illegitimate power on oneside, and legitimate authority on the other side, with much in-between.  Ãƒâ€š This separation between power and authority is fundamental to this essay, as it is important to understand whether Machiavelli argues that politics ought to rest on authority or whether it can be reduced to maintaining power.   Therefore, in an attempt to summarise the demarcation between power and authority, I once more return to Goodwin, who says the individual defers to authorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [but] yields to power (Goodwin, 1997, p.313).   If Machiavelli reduces politics to force/power, his concern is that people must yield to the government; whereas, if Machiavelli argues that politics ought to rest on authority, his concern would be that the people deferred to the government, and recognised its legal legitimacy. Machiav ellis political philosophy is more complex than the often one-dimensional interpretation of Machiavelli as a self-serving manipulator, promoter of immorality and defender of tyranny.   In contrast to the one-dimensional view of Machiavelli which implies that he reduces politics to the maintenance of power and a justification of tyranny, Machiavelli is a defender of a certain kind of liberty.   However, Machiavellis concept of liberty is about the liberty of the state or the Government.   He argues that in order for the people to be free, they must live a free state à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a state free from external servitude.   Machiavellis concept of liberty prioritises the state in the relationship between the individual and the state: it is not the well-being of individuals that makes cities great, but the well-being of the community (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book II, Discourse 2).   For Machiavelli, it is not the individual that is important, bu t the community or the state.   Therefore, the individual must yield to the will of the state for the liberty and well-being of the common good. In his interpretation of Machiavellis thought, Skinner emphasises the importance of the free state; and crucially, he stresses the seriousness of the metaphor of the body politic to neo-roman thought, which meant that Machiavelli could not conceive of a free individual without a free state.   This is only one of many interpretations of Machiavelli, and is not objective as it is underpins Skinners thesis that liberty was an important concept to Machiavelli.   Machiavelli defines the free state as one that is removed from any kind of external servitude (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book I, Discourse 2).   Skinner expands this by relating it to the concept of the body politic, where, just as individual human bodies are freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ only if they are able to act or forbear from acting at will, so the bodies of nations and states are likewise freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ only if they are similarly unconstrained from using their powers according to their own wills (Skinner, 1998, p.25).   Skinners elaboration means that a state is only free, when it follows the collective will of the people, and thereby, liberty is equated to self-government, so a free state is defined as a community independent of any authority save that of the community itself (Skinner, 1981, p.52).   Machiavelli stridently defends the free state, arguing that history reveals the harm that servitude has done to people and citiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [as they] have never increased either in dominion or wealth, unless they have been independent (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book II, Discourse 2).   This underpins Machiavellis perennial fear that freedom is fragile and liberty could succumb to external conquest or internal tyranny. Skinner pursues this notion, and argues that overt coercion is not necessary for a state to be in a condition of slavery: if the maintenance of civil liberty is dependent upon the good will of arbitrary power, then the individual is already living as a slave (Skinner, 1998).   This is a rational consequence of Machiavellis bleak interpretation of human nature, where men do not promote the common good i.e. the preservation of the states liberty.   Machiavelli argues that humans are: self motivated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" men never do good unless necessity drives them (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book I, Discourse 3); bellicose à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" security for man is impossible unless it be conjoined with power (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book I, Discourse 1); fickle and untrustworthy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they will not keep their promises (Machiavelli, The Prince: Chapter XVIII); pusillanimous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when the state needs its citizens, few are to be found (Machiavelli, The Prince: Chapter IX).   These attributes are a hindrance to a state that is trying to preserve its ability to enact the collective will without constraint.   Therefore, liberty requires overcoming mens selfish inclination, so they can be fit to govern themselves, and this involves engaging in activities which are conducive to human flourishing (Skinner, 1990).   Given that it is contrary to mens natural inclinations to pursue the common good, it seems that this involves yielding to the power of the state.   Skinners eloquent term human flourishing describes the need to imbue each citizen with a sense of civic virtÃÆ' ¹, which is essentially, a public-spirited ethos, whereby the individual commits a great deal of time and energy to participating in the affairs of the state, and maintaining a vigilance to safeguard its freedom.   Skinner admits that civic virtÃÆ' ¹ requires placing the good of the community above all private interests and ordinary considerations of morality (Skinner, 1981, p.54). Machiavellis political philosophy rests on valuing the public sphere, with a resulting dismissive attitude toward the private sphere.   Thus, the citizens of the state are required to yield to the power of the state, and to relinquish their individual liberty, if it is perceived to be in the common good.   Machiavelli praises Rome where those who worked through the public sphere were honoured, but those working through private means were condemned and prosecuted (Machiavelli, The Discourses).   Machiavelli argues that a sense of duty to the community, which entails sacrificing the legitimacy of the private sphere, does not curtail liberty but preserve it, as civic virtÃÆ' ¹ is essential to ensuring the state is not constrained from acting upon its own will.   He quotes, (possibly apocryphally) from ancient history: they rebelled because when peace means servitude it is more intolerable to free men than war (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book III, Discourse 44), whi ch appeals to Machiavellis doctrine of public-spiritedness, and his promotion of the well-being of the community. Machiavelli promotes the ideals of republicanism, and republican liberty, which entails a need to safeguard the state against internal tyranny, through citizens that are active, vigilant, and participate in the daily running of the community to ensure that the state is not subjected to the caprices of a minority; and that, instead, the community seeks the public interest.   Machiavelli criticises the consequences of internal tyranny with empirical reference to the greatness attained by Athens, once liberated from the tyranny of Pisistratusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [and] the greatness which Rome attained after freeing itself from its Kings (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book II, Discourse 2).   Thus, Machiavelli can be read as a defender of liberty by citing his belief that the conflict between the nobles and plebs was the primary reason Rome maintained her fr eedom (Machiavelli, The Discourses), and his assertion that a Monarchs interests are usually harmful to the city (Machiavelli, The Discourses).   This interpretation of Machiavelli shows that he does not unambiguously reduce politics to the use of force and power.   Instead, he argues that politics rests on the order of a well-structured government.   However, for Machiavelli, a well-structured government and political authority are not necessarily synonymous, since he argues that political order may require the use of force and the wielding of power by a powerful leader. Machiavellis writings are littered with references to his love for strong leadership e.g. dictatorship was always useful in Rome (Machiavelli, The Discourses), or his defence of a Princes cruelty to keep his subjects united and loyal, as men are wretched and will pursue their own interest, unless they fear punishment (Machiavelli, The Prince).   There are clearly elements of Machiavel lis writings that support the idea of the free state and a certain concept of liberty; for instance, he argues that experience shows that cities have never increased in dominion or riches except while they have been at liberty (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book II, Discourse 2).   This allows Skinner to construct Machiavelli as a defender of liberty, by arguing that what Machiavelli primarily has in mind in laying so much emphasis on liberty is that a city bent on greatness must remain free from all forms of political servitude (Skinner, 1981, p.58).   Skinners reading of Machiavelli suggests that Machiavelli did not reduce politics to force and power; and that, instead, Machiavelli rested politics on political authority.   However, this re-habilitating of Machiavelli by Skinner overlooks a number of passages in Machiavellis writing that show he clearly was prepared to allow force and power to be used without linking it to authority. Femia takes the view that Machiavelli was not a defender of liberty, and did not place authority at the heart of politics.   Femia concludes that Machiavellis political thought can be characterised by the belief that we cannot draw a sharp line between moral virtue and moral vice: the two things often change place.   Fair is foul and foul is fair (Femia, 2004, p.11).   For Machiavelli, it is the state that is important, and the individuals liberty can be subjected to power and force in order for the good of the city to prevail.   Machiavelli eradicates the private sphere, which allows Femia to draw a parallel between Machiavellis concept of freedom and fascists who also argue that freedom comes through participating in a great wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [and] nothing to do with limiting the states autonomy (Femia, 2004, p.8).   Machiavelli primary concern is maintaining political order, and his advice in The Prince often seems to be more about maintaining power, than establishin g authority.   In places, Machiavellis advice is brutal, and seems unambiguously to promote the exercise of force for the purposes of maintaining power. Machiavelli shows no regard for individual liberties, and allows The State to trample over its citizens when force and power are necessary, arguing that it should be noted that one must either pamper or do away with men, because they will avenge themselves for minor offences while for more serious ones they cannot (Machiavelli, The Prince: Chapter III).   This brutal, cynical observation is an instance of Machiavellis realism.   Such cynical realistic observations do not, in themselves, prove that Machiavelli reduces politics to force and power.   It is possible to argue that Machiavellis observation accurately observes politics, and he is simply drawing the reader to an important piece of wisdom about human nature.   However, this does not seem to be Machiavellis motivation.   He is not merely observing brutal realism, but appears to be advocating its application.   He argues that those the ruler hurts, being dispersed and poor, can never be a threat to him, and all others remain on the one hand unharmedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and on the other afraid of making a mistake, for fear that what happened to those who were dispossessed might happen to them (Machiavelli, The Prince: Chapter III).   The important word here is fear.   The people fear the ruler, and so obey.   This does not imply that the ruler that governs by authority. Instead, the implication is that the ruler holds power through force. Despite the ruthless, brutal and cynical methods that Machiavelli appears to advocate, it is important not to misread Machiavelli as someone who advocates force and violence merely for the sake of power.   Machiavelli is concerned with The Common Good, and thus he argues that the exercise of force à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" raw power à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" is only justified if it is exercised in pursuit of The Common Good.   Or, more simply, the ends justify the means.   Machiavelli does not advocate raw power, per se; instead, he argues that if the ends are good, then the use of force is justified.   This blurring of the common good and the use of power to promote it is evident when he argues that a prince must not worry about the reproach of cruelty when it is a matter of keeping his subjects united and loyal; for with a very few examples of cruelty he will be more compassionate than those who, out of excessive mercy, permit disorders to continueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for these usually harm the community at large (Machiavelli, The Prince: Chapter XVII).   This, however, exposes the paradox in Machiavellis thought, where cruelty is justified by the ends.   The problem is that Machiavellis initial concern is about holding power to prevent disobedience and disorder.   It is possible that this exercis ing of power may shift, and become authority; but, in its first instance, politics is about maintaining power. Machiavelli was a Renaissance writer; and, therefore, the differentiation between power and authority that Goodwin discussed had not become a part of political philosophy.   Therefore, to argue that Machiavelli did not seek political authority, but power, would be a mis-representation, as these concepts were not available to him.   However, for Machiavelli, political necessity dominates, and in a realist vein, he allows for incursions on liberty and the use of force and even cruelty to hold power.   Ultimately, he seeks authority in the common good, and this justifies whatever methods are used to hold on to power. Machiavelli doesnt simply reduce politics to force, since force is used to pursue the common good.   However, Machiavelli is not concerned with the individual citizen, since he does not differentiate between the public and private realms.   Thus, Machiavelli is not concerned with individual liberty and individuals rights: when the private person may be the loserà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there are so many who benefit thereby that the common good can be realized in spite of those few who suffer in consequence (Machiavelli, The Discourses: Book II, Discourse 2).   Without a clear separation of public and private, and between legitimate authority and illegitimate power, the common good can become the arbitrary will of the ruler.   The arbitrary will of a ruler à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" even one that is seeking to promote the common good à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" leaves politics very open to the use of force to maintain power, in the name of common good.   This notion of the use of force to maintain power is quite different from the use of force by a Government that governs through authority, under the rule of law. Bibliography Femia, J (2004) Machiavelli and Italian Fascism, History of Political Thought, Volume 25, Issue 1, pp. 1-15 Goodwin, B (1997) Using Political Ideas (4th edition), John Wiley Sons, Chichester Machiavelli, N (1984) The Prince (Edited, Introduced and Translated by P Bondanella and M Musa) Oxford University Press, Oxford Machiavelli, N (1998) The Discourses (Edited, Introduced, Revised and Translated by B Crick, L Walker and B Richardson) Penguin Classics, London Skinner, Q (1981) Machiavelli, Oxford University Press, Oxford Skinner, Q (1990) The republican ideal of political liberty in Bock, G Skinner, Q Viroli, M (editors) Machiavelli and Republicanism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 293-310 Skinner, Q (1998) Liberty Before Liberalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge